_JPG.jpg){kind=small}
Michael Erle Harper
Enterprises Consolidated
1.2 G. Park, West Covina, California BKK Landfill
in West Covina
1.3 HARSHAD GAJJAR BKK Landfill in West Covina
1.4 A little luck and the right equipment
2.0 New uses for refuse of an industrial society
3.0 Daniel Dude
4.0 John Dingell
5.0 Numerical Ceiling
6.0 Primary Digestion
7.0 Organic Matter
8.0 Cararean Delivery
9.0 The Broad availability of Health Insurance
major problem
methane gas
municipal waste
household furniture polish
benzene 1.2
Cholorform escape into the local water supplies to comply. The Caderon bill requires monitoring 24 hours a day, and periodically. Harshad Gajjar, Chief chemist and Safety Director for BKK landfill has no real solution to landfill analysis, reaches lab, assisted batch number, then data solution to landfill analysis, reaches lab, assisted batch number, then data station hard copy, Into cold absorbent trap, printed compound concentration retention time recorded. Unfortunate site operations with standards, and due to lack of equipment in providing low detection limits. Unable to detect low limits of toxic gas to resolved to expensive samples protected from sunlight and temperature 1.3 variation to prevent change. The system is reliable according to Gajjar. Incorrect results are highly unlikely. "We will continue to monitor our sites as long as necessary", Gajjar Chief Chemist and Safety Director for BKK landfill in West Covina, Collects ten to fifteen million cubic feet of methane gas per day produced by disposal site. some clean and solid to southern California power generation. "With a little luck and the right equipment we may also be able to find new uses for the use of an industrial society". 1.4
Clean air is hard. a manifold concern. The Environmental protection agency has issued seven regulations for toxic emissions in twenty years and, "getting to first 3.0
first base if just passing the Daniel J. Dude, bill", an Environmental law any congress has ever considered", says House Energy & Commerce Committee, John D, 4.0
Dingell, (D.Michigan) cleaners, bakeries and other small business to reduce their harmful emissions. Refineries to slash from gasoline.
A proposed system had to be "adequately demonstrated", before it becomes the basis for a clean up requirement. Reliance on now and untried clean up technologies and risk that they would work effectively. Well established methods, yet creative possibilities that would ameliorate tension, a set of increasingly arranged requirements over an executed period of or twenty or thirty years.
There existed two methods for reducing emissions from coal - fixed plants. A relatively old fashioned technique know physical coal cleaning, or "coal washing", and amembryanic technology, fluid gas desulfurization, commonly know as "scrubbing".
5.0
The numerical ceiling was set at one - point - two pounds of so2 per MBTU: (million(British thermal unit, in support, the EPA merely stated that the ceiling would permit eastern power to comply by scrubbing 70 percent of the so2 out of average eastern coal which contains roughly 4 pounds of s02 per MBTU ([1.0-.70] x 4 pounds+ 1.2 pounds.) The agency recognized that utilities might respond to the ceiling the natural way by burning 1.2 pounds of coal.
United mine workers saw their victory in the congress of 1977, requiring eastern coal burners to scrub their way; to one point two standard permitted the burning the practically all eastern coal. Lowering the ceiling to 0.55 would make compounds of containing more than 3.7 punds of unburnable at 85 percent burning efficiency.
The marginal cost of achieving emission reduction (according to a leading EPA expert) the cost of working high sulfur coals caries from two to nine cents per pound of so2 removed. Scrubbing costs vary in reference to sulfur content of fuel burned and percentage scrubbing required.
The marginal costs involved in washing high sulfur coal tends to be lower than the marginal costs of washing lower than the lower the marginal costs of washing lower sulfur varieties. The costs involved in crushing and separating pyrite sulfur are not proportional to increases to sulfur content to pyrites.
The principal functions of the high rate process are the stabilization of the organic solids and the productions of methane these two are compatible. the first stage requires the incoming wastes to be thoroughly mixed with the existing contents. The formation of layer
in sludge at different temperatures designed to take up to 10 to 20 days.
6.0
After primary digestion process the sludge passes to the secondary digestion where stabilization and concentration occurs under quiescent, unheated conditions. Secondary digesters, can have a retention time of between 20 and 60 days. The high rate digestions system can be applied both to agricultural and industrial wastes.
.
​​​​Work is going on commercially and at universities and or government laboratories to find the optimum conditions for the high rate of digestion of agricultural and industrial wastes. Federal enforcers, taxman, and securities excluded have more power over business more than the environmental protection agency neighborhood factories using volatile chemicals contributing smog, must button or face a visit from an inspector and penalties. "Congress has told the EPA to run in three hundred different directions and get it done yesterday".
William Reilly, a professional Conservatist
regulate air, and water, hazardous waste, disposal
and clean up pesticides, drinking water, and
radiation amd
conduct research on the health efforts of pollutants,
and measure the gas mileage of automobiles.
Republican, 49
EPA administrator Wiliam Rucklieshaus and
Russel Train former President of the world Wildlife Fund
and conservation, foundation, EPA passes Muster with the President too a history at Yale, Harvard Law School and a Master's Degree in Urban Development and planning, speaks French and Spanish in addition. "the society", halts trading in a bad stock faster than it cancels a bad chemical. Most environmentalists have deemed him, "middle of the road", Reilly believes that it makes good sense to bring both parties to the negotiating table.
Commercial buildings "in active wastes sites", finished eighth / twenty nine just behind number seven, much publicized stratosphere ozone depletion.
"The country" say's, Reilly "keeps layering on EPA s all it's aspirations for the environment. But a lot of our programs are held together with bailing wire".
Natural resources defense council issues a study on pesticides and the Senate held hearings on risk to children.
Michigan Congressman, John Dingell, a powerful man industry champion bill to some of Detroit's, objections in the way of tailpipe emissions. consolidated environmental laws into a single new law. Set environmental and some priorities and some flexibility in handling scarce resources.
Green plants are able to use the sun's energy directly to form their complex molecules from atmospheric carbon dioxide their basic cell building material. In general, bacteria cannot do this.
7.0
Organic matter from human or animal wastes is the commonest pollutant found in water. Organic matter is polluting because of it's bacteria. The major purpose in sewage works and treatment work is to decompose all the organic matter before the effluent is discharged to the river.
These are two usual methods of measuring organic content in water, the biological oxygen demand (bod) and the chemical oxygen demand (cod). The former is a measurement of the oxygen required for all organic matter to be completely oxidized chemically. the purer the water the lower the bod and cod.
The characteristics of various effluents.
wastes bod mg/l cod mg/l s s mg/l
sewage 200-400 300-500 100-400
dairy 800-1500 1500-4000 500-600
wastes
cannery 200-6000 500-1500 500-600
wastes
meat packing
wastes
700-2000 200-6000 600-1100
brewery wastes
400-1500 600-5000 250-650
farm wastes
500-6000 1000-150,000 800-5000
Sewage and industrial wastes are usually treated together where this is possible, some industrial wastes will need pre-treatment before discharge to the sewer because they are so strong that they would overload the municipal works. Agricultural wastes are rarely discharged to the sewer, and normally spread on the land without treatment. this can be done without causing water pollution. Land that is wet or slopes, liquid from manure or slurry may flow into near by streams, or ponds and cause severe pollution, the regional water authorities can prosecute in such instance and demand steps to taken to present such pollution. the control of pollution, act, 1974 is due to become law by the end of 1975 and far more attention will to activities of farmers than at present.
The production of methane from methane organic wastes is the most tangible benefit of anaerobic digestion and in recent times it has been most emphasized.
The biogas which comes from the digester is not pure methane. Its quality and composition depends upon feed materials.
Most organic wastes are made up of a mixture of these three components and the resulting gas composition from their digestion is usually in range of 60-70% methane and 30-40% carbon dioxide.
The biogas will contain other gases: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, as the exact proportions vary to feed stock to the digester.
Senators narrowly voted down five hundred million dollars aid to miners measure by West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd. While everyone wants clean air legislators now wrestling with the unpleasant is sure of who, exactly will pay the price.
Government estimates that America spends thirty two billion dollars a year under presents clean-air laws, and the Bush administration's proposals could like the clean-up cost by as much as twenty-one billion dollars with the cost of lost wages in addition.
The Byrd fight was an episode attempt to hammer out the first national clean air bill since 1977 of industries and businesses to change by reducing waste, using cleaner fuels an shunning dangerous chemicals.
Industry lobbyist coalition called the clean air working group: "We've supporting the Bush House bill still to expensive, the best deal we can get", says Fay head of the 1,950 company.
"We live here", says Jeffrey Van of the chemical manufacturers association, "so we want to do it", clients will have to clean up and are putting the best face on things, says Van, "the chemical industry is an intense competitive world industry a penny a pound can make the difference between getting or losing a big community contract".
40 year life span allowed by a nuclear regulatory commission (NRC) operating license at Yankee plant in Massachusetts in the year-2000 and at eleven other plants later in the decade.
Trends/power consumption lost generating/will need to be replaced.
Utilities, regulators, and researches are exploring it's way out of this bind> Plant Life extension, for plex studies sponsored (EPRI) Electric Power Plants Operations (up to 70 years).
Replacing major components such as stream generators must be technically feasible, proved possible, but difficult and expense Life extension program should begin early and focus on the entire plant.
Extra monitoring maintenance raise a plant's availability, lower need to replace or refurbish components, these steps, combined with more detailed record keeping necessary for plex, could make safer plants and better understanding.
The industry has not yet determined the best maintenance program to keep reactors running smoothly for an extra twenty or thirty years.
In October 1989, NRC preliminary guidelines for extending a plant's operating license. Plant owners are waiting to see how the NRC handles the Yankee plant's pioneering application for an extended license in 1991. Several components in nuclear power stations are different and expensive to replace to repair storage tanks and heat exchange deep; within the plant the building may have to be substantially dismantled.
The strategy of preventing, failure is also hard to carry out comprehensively. One of the biggest age related problems is metallic corrosion. Hydrocarbon based seals and the all important reactor vessel can become brittle after years of exposure to heat and radiation.
Examining plants operating histories to determine the rates at which failed in the past. approach is to accelerate the aging of plant components and observe how well they function.
A plant's application for operation license extension must be accompanied by a local environmental impact report will be used to supplement the NRC's a generic environmental statement on plex because every facet of nuclear power regulation is subject to litigation. The NRC's is not expected to set a definitive policy until 1993. The upgrades necessary for plex can yield enough short term benefits in improved operations to justify the expense at the agency has been pragmatic and consistent. Focusing concern on accidents involving a hidden, loss of coolant, defines overall safety goals, describes in detail how one may satisfy them, questions for plex is it's balanced regulatory approach, yes should be the answer, in view of capacity.
Bureau of labor statistics tally of involuntary part-time workers and "discouraged" workers who are no longer in the measured labor force has risen dramatically in the recent years.
Secondary labor market, typically jobs with less security and lower wages and lower fringe benefits has increased relative to those in the primary labor market.
Temporary employees now number over 1.2 million workers, many of whom would prefer the wages, benefits and job, security of permanent employment. The number of such temporary jobs have doubled since 1979.
The steady decline in fraction of unionized workers and the diminished ability of unions to deal for higher wages is also part of the pattern.
Much of the recent jump in inflationary hike reflects the cheap-dollar, not inflationary hikes in wages. And employment in today's economy is hidden from view having a reserve of relatively low wage, part-time may help industry lower labor costs in the short run, but it is not necessarily good for America, either as a middle class society for as an economy with labor skills.
Research by Economist Edward P. Lazear of the University of Chicago and the Hoover institution suggests older workers are overpaid relative to their productivity, while younger workers are underpaid, older men, he theorizes, have been laid off.
A growing number of personnel placement firms provide temporary employees who have specialized skills, "with all the mergers and acquisitions going on in the business world, the future for success companies will focus on employees who stay behind. A recent survey of members of the American society of personnel administration found that obsolescence among seniors employees is a growing concern for business owners.
In fact, respondents with as many as thirteen percent of their senior employees as obsolete employees before obsolete when they are full behind in their ability to learn new skills or use new techniques, the result? Decreased productivity, "since the number of available candidates for senior level position of nearly retirement and young inexperienced entry level managers are unable to fill the requirements of growing companies, busy owners must look at new approaches for getting obsolete employees up to speed, says, "Candace Corlett", Vice
President of marketing for a cosmetics company in Farmingdale, New York, cutting your losses.
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Unable to fill the requirements of growing companies, busy owners must look at new approaches for getting obsolete employees up to speed, says, "Candace Corlett", Vice President of marketing for a cosmetics company in Farmingdale, New York, cutting your losses.
The business owner faced with an obsolete employee generally takes one of these actions.
Fire him and hire a more qualified replacement
Make his life so miserable that he eventually resigns
Take away his authority and give to someone else
Dolores Foresythe is president of alternative solutions training and consulting service, a company that offers management training class for small to medium size businesses.
Working to improve an obsolete employee's performance time consuming and results are uncertain.
Outsiders don't know the "Corporate Culture", it will take them time to learn the ropes..
"Instead of spending money on outplacement helping out managers look for new jobs; urge companies to spend more time
hiring new people and developments for managers", says Peggy Foster, a New York City, "corporate coach" to top executives, assisting companies with change and growth.
After gathering all the evidence, answer the questions:
Here and when should I have this discussion?
In what order should I present the facts?
Responsible for this person's failure to get results?
Have I mentioned some of his positive
contributions?
Have I prepared the facts and the
unsatisfactory results objectivity?
Business and training consultants are good problem solvers,
consultants, act as coaches and advisors to help
employees.
Get agreement
brainstorm solutions
set goals.
Be specific. State the specifications the employees must
take. Establish evaluation criteria.
Competitive pressures, high debt loans, take over fears, and a sluggish economy inspiring efforts.
U.S. corporations that are allowing or encouraging experienced workers to drop out of labor for he warns, "are throwing away their seed to earn at the very time labor shortages loom ahead".
United nations now estimates will costs more than thirty billion dollars to stein the flow of sewage into the sea.
Some health Economists call them "remunerectories".
Operations such as cesarean sections, underscores 8.0
the savings that might result if doctors and their patients shunned costly surgical procedures for less expensive, less intrusive, and often less risky treatments done for the mother already who had a child delivered that way, according to metropolitan Life Insurance Co...the average a cesarean delivery in 1986 cost five thousand, two hundred seventy dollars as with two thousand nine hundred for an average normal birth.
Thus if the rate of repeat C-sections could be cut to twenty percent still higher than the seventeen percent still higher than the seventeen present rate for the first births. the cumulative savings in health expenditures for the nation could exceed six billion dollars over the next ten years.
In 1956, the Economists R. G. Lipsey and Kelvin Lancaster, wrote a famous paper called, "The General theory of the second best", with necessary distortions, piecemeal attempt to move closer to a pure market may make things worse. "Second best", rather than looking for an unattainable first best theoretical promise that free markets will be perfectly efficient.
9.0
The broad availability of health insurance, leads to inflation and now profit opportunities having tampered with the market once via insurance, to tamper with it again to restrain escalating costs.
10. Neoclassical Economics
11. Max Weber / followed Letter by Joseph Schumpeter
socioeconomics
12. The solution to the drug problem lies with the individual
Accountability - International
13. Like tyranny and oppressions of the mind and the body will
vanish like evil spirits at the dawn of day...(Liability)...
13.1 Drugs smuggled to the U.S. make it safely across our borders...
13.2 What is the law and where does it stand...(process and manufacture)...
13.3 Major drugs and the uses and effects with data produced by Dr. Joel Fort...
13.4 The facts determinations presented here are...
Based on expert observation of real life drug use by...
Human Beings in non laboratory settings...
13.5 John Alexander's the warrior's edge, Michael D.
Kathman, St. John University, Collegeville, Minn,..
13.6 Plastics...recreational fishing...
Our Fragmented health system, profitmaking hospitals kept one step ahead of insurance cost cutters, found new ways to gold-plate treatments, complicate bills and inflate costs, financial entanglements print money, manipulates the prevailing interest rate grants with holds charter alter or free markets persuaded policy makers to remove regulations of route and prices, presumably would create greatest competition efficiency, and consumer choice.
10.0
Neoclassical economics historically assumed people have one over anything goal: to satisfy materialistic desires motivated by their own interests assumes person's numerous preferences can be neatly ordered into one single pattern of desire assumes that people have a dual nature.
The more recent socioeconomic conception of individuals and commutes as interdependent attempts to correct this radical individualism the community has a moral status and rights of its own.
11.0
It was Max Weber/followed later by Joseph Schumpeter who proposed socioeconomics as a solution to the artificial between economics and the other social sciences.
Menger was a Professor of Economics in Vienna and in 1871. Menger was well aware of how different marginal utility economics was from historical economics. It would practical go unnoticed. Angered by this indifference he sat down to write a defense of his views in which he outlined the errors of historical economics.
Gustov Von Schmoller, the leader of the historical school, is infuriated by this and writes an insulting answer.
Menter in kind and soon German speaking economics was polarized into two camps. Those who defended an analytical approach and those who found the historical approach preferable was remarkable even by academic standards.
By the late 1880's Menger and Schmoller had stop talking to each other, and the "battle method" continued fall until 1910.
Neoclassical economics preaches all the moral rights are invested in the individual modern socioeconomics seeks to correct this view by the giving the community a moral status to the individual; Amitoni is a University Professor at Georgetown University of the center or policy research in Washington D.C.
Swedeberg places socioeconomics in context of other historical and contemporary efforts to synthesize economics with other social sciences. His approach is historical.
Romo and Schwartz do socioeconomics in a quantitative vein showing economics posses a close knit web of industries by shared cultures and patterns.
A practical definition of stress in this: When problems presented everyday life exceed resources for coping with them, Dr. Raymond B. Flannery Jr., responding to demanding situations without losing sense of being.
City
____
Cocaine Stimulant, (accountability)- affects
marijuana blurred perception memory lapse
2
(accountability)-affects
Nation
______
In top 25 metropolitan areas in 1985, recreational Cocaine
was responsible for 643 deaths
(accountability)-affects
International
__________
Thus, as Charles Dickens observed in April 1870, "If I hide my watch I'm dr5unk, I must be drunk I remember where".
3
"A number of cased of confirmed Cocaine have been recently reported", Scientific American wrote in 1867. "If these cased continue to multiply, these may been room, for questioning the utility of man of the discovery of this anesthetic". (accountability)
4
Nation
_______
We helped set the tone of the sixties. (accessibility)
We supported Norml, the National Organization for the reform of marijuana laws. (Liability)
6
The solution to the drug problem lies with the individual 12
7
(accountability)
International
__________
"And tyranny and oppressions of body and mind will
vanish like evil spirits at the dawn of day" (liability) 13
8
Drugs smuggled to the U.S. make it safely across our borders 13.1
9
What is the law and where does it stand...(process/
manufacture/sell) 13.2
_________________________________________________________
alcohol no medical use depressant
barbiturates for insomnia, tension depressant
and epileptic seizures
inhalents dilation of blood vessels depressant
light anesthetic
major drugs: their use and affects
__________________________ 13.3
data produced by Dr. Joel Fort
___________________________
Depressants for cough
Narcotic pain killer
none in U.S.
withdrawal from Herion
pain killer
from Diarrhea
pain killer
Tranquilizers
Psychedelic Pg. 150-151 for tension, Anxiety
Psychedelic for tension, Derpession
Cannabis
headache poor appitite
Pschedelic
Hallucinogens LSD and Psilocybin
have been tested for treatment
of alcoholism and drug addiction,
mental illness and migraine
Stimulants for obesity, Depression
Antidepressants sedation, children's
behavior's disorder
Stimulants for Oversedation
Caffeine and headache
Stimulants local Anesthetic
Caffeine
Stimulants used as a Insecticide
Nicotine Pg. 150
paragraph
line 8, character
pcp (phencyelidine), 1-19 Anesthesia 55-64
Character
Pg. 150
Bold print
Paragraph 1
The facts and determinations presented here are
based and on expert observation of real-life drug use by
human beings in nonlaboratory settings. 13.4
line Pg. 150
Restrictions and penalties...
Alcohol, Caffeine and Nicotine are not legally
considered drugs line 1
Pg. 151
line 7
Maximum federal penalties for possession of illegal drugs. First offense one year in prison and a $5,000 fine, subsequent offense two years, $10,000, and much hasher penalties may apply to sale.
Dr. Flannery is a assistant professor of psychology at Harvard medical school, a member of the Department of Psychiatry at Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachussetts.
Cooper's work emphasizes the importance of individual time man organization are investing heavily in physical equipment rather than personnel.
The handbook on how individuals can deal with physical and mental demands placed, stress management, decision making technique, mental and physical, stamina an electric approach to issue John Alexander's Warrior's edge, Michael D. Kathman, St. John University, Collegeville, Minn. 13.5
Plastics on Wildlife/Plastic, 1983meeting, Western Association of State Fish and Wildlife agencies, speakers offered offered on wildlife-effected 13.6
discarded plastic.
Judie nelson of the Oregon
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife organized 2500 / more volunteers to comb debris from 150 miles of that state beaches, sportsman's groups, bird watchers, and others one day efforts yielded 26 tons of plastics, 26,500 volunteers collected nearly seven hundred tons of debris. approximately sixty percent. 1968, eyeglasses frames made from Cellulos Nitrate. World War II new technology resin boomed U.S. / manufacturers, forty eight million pounds of plastic.
14.0 56.40 Incidental take
14.1 President Reagan outlaws Plastic Dumping
Within Two hundred miles of U.S. Coast
Laws enforced by Coast Guard.
15.0 Waste Reduction
15.1 High level Radioactive Waste Repository
15.2 Chairman Edwin L. Artzt
15.3 Bruce R. Fulford
15.4 John r. Ruston
15.5 Three Mile Island / Walter Cronkite
15.6 Doe Department of Energy
15.7 Japanese is contributing 'Eighteen
Million dollars in exchange for
for technical information gathered
during the cleanup
Work reported by Dr. Albert M. Manville at 53rd North
American Wildlife and natural resources conference
a coalition of conservation and environment groups
plastic alone. In the United States a major refuge dumped
into northern oceans.
Eighty percent of all sea debris sighted, plastic:
observation were limited / flab items.
Animals captured in active fishing nets are labeled
"incidental take". Effect of plastic waste. Responsible of 14
a sizeable share of wildlife. Manville reported., fifty of
the two hundred species of sea birds are known
to eat plastic der4is Laysan Albatross in Hawaii revealed ninety
percent of chicks were fed plastic by parents.
Effects of plastic pollution in oceans reduction of 14.1
plastic debris a float implements international
that encourages all nations to stop dumping plastics in
the world's oceans site are into the act
Louisiana recently passed a law authorizing its department
of environmental quality to control plastic
Pollution in state waters. Michigan, Pennsylvania
require plastic panels on lobster traps be
placed with some sort of degradable substance.
Waste reduction, use of degradable plastics, bio-
degradable non-plastics, including recycling. Conservative
in conscious, over turning or current use it
discard it mentality. Take a closer look 15.0
at Japan's management scheme. Half of al discards
are recycled as a reminder burned for energy
recovery.
Fast moving ground water can ruled out under
current regulations irrelevant of radionuclides that are
released, a more flexible approach, Swedish and
Canadian programs allow changes during construction
and operation of repository information becomes 15.1
available.
Nation's and Proctor and Gamble Co., growing garbage
problem. The consumer products giant pushing
industrial composition, a sped form of the
backyard process. To back the effort it will spend
Twenty Million dollars on research and move to develop
disposable diapers. Chairman Edwin L. Artzt. 15.2
Artzl says, "The company realized long ago that they
would have to come up with a better answer".
Garbage is sorted for recyclable materials, under controlled temperature, moisture and oxygen, the next
turns compost in there in fourteen days. Before
it can be used in landscaping or forming, it must cure
for another thirty to one-hundred eighty days.
There are not ten plants in the U.S., even one hundred,
fifty other under consideration are built they
would still handle no more than one percent of the
nation's waste.
Its diapers that are already eighty percent compostable.
Bruce R. Fulford compost director for tell us institute
in Boston, a non profit organization. but Fulford notes 15.3
that, "research, firm there's considerable arguments over
what should be composted", John F. Ruston or the environmental
defense fund Proctor and Gable says, that its research 15.4
money will be us to used in part to answer such questions
Artz, is confident that the push, for will
succeed because of the industry eagerness to find a
solution..
On March 30, 1979, unit tow of three mile island
Nuclear plant near Harrisburg, Pa. appeared 15.5
close to melt down. water Cronkite implied that
his CBS evening audience. Ten years that experts
have show that Cronkite was correct.
Engineers expect to finish nine hundred seventy
three million dollars to clean up by the end of
this year. Seven times the estimate,
given right after the accident. The clean up
duration is the price are major reasons why U.S.
utilities estimated is not a comforting thought as
nuclear power as touted as the same alternative
OPEC and the greenhouse.
The utility and it's customer are paying a third with of
the cleanup bill CPU private insurers picking up 15.6
another third. One is DOE Department of Energy. Two
others are the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey
which as the sites of GPU subsidiaries had been 15.7
allowed to use TMI's electricity sales. Japanese
nuclear industry is contributing eighteen million dollars
in exchange for technical information gathered during
the clean up.
In addition to direct clean up charges. Three mile island
will cost DOE almost twenty million dollars, the price
of storing one-hundred, fifty tons of radioactive
debris is from the accident for the next three decades
one-hundred tons have been removed from the plant
site have been shipped to DOE's Idaho national
engineering laboratory.
For now unit 2 is not be decommissioned, NRC
GPU nuclear will take action when stops operating unit
1 perhaps in thirty years. both the NRC and president
Jimmy Carter's commission on the accident at three mile
island found before March, 1979, the utility's radiation
Monitoring on and the offsite was grossly inadequate
EPA (is phasing out it's own efforts at monitoring
with updated equipment. Three mile island public health
fund recommended a public interest set up by the courts.
pae California land fill monitors methane gas
#1 (bkk landfill, West Covina, California)
il American City & County v 193-Aug '88
pae House committee clears the way for the floor action on
#2 clean air? (U.S. Senate and air pollution)
air pollution il Newsweek v115 April 9, 90'
pae Longer life for nuclear plants technology review
#3 v93 may - Jun '90
pae EPA should clean up it's own act boss; William
#4 Reilly will get all he wants in new air act.
(Environmental Protection Agency) il Fortune v
120 Nov 6, 1989
pae A clean-air bill is easy clean air is hard
#5 il Business week- Nov 5, 90' p. 50 (1)
pae A fresh start on cleaning up the air
#6 edition Business Week Nov 5, 90' p. 180
ee The labor market is a lot looser than it...
#7 looks
(column) Business Week - July 2 '90- P. 22 (1)
ee A worker exodus can weaken the productivity
#8 (Economic Trends) il Business - July 2 '90-p 22 (10)
ee Europe's dirty waters (Pollution)
#9 US News and World Report v 109-Oct 8'90
ee Throwing it all away (Wildlife-plastic waste
#10 problem) (Column) il Outdoor Life 87-88
ee How Doctors could cut health care costs by
#11 by doing less cutting (Economic Trends) business Week Now
21 '88 p 24 (1)
sae The stress - resistant person (Interview
#12 Harvard Medical school heath letter v14 -Feb '90
sae The new Battle methods
#13 The ascent of socioeconomics of socioeconomics
by Amitai Etzioni
sae Drugs: Where we stand Pla Bo May '87
#14 Pg 147 paragraph 3/paragraph 3/line 2/line 1,3
Pg 147 paragraph 9/line /pg 147 paragraph 9/line 4,5/
Pg 148/paragraph 9/line/pg 148, paragraph 10/line 4/paragraph
12/ line 3/paragraph 8
Major Drugs: Their uses and effects
Data produced by Dr. Joel Fort
P. 150-151
sae Unrealistic rules makes nuclear waste burial impossible
#15 (nuclear waste) R & D news and Science and
technology/Research and Development v32 Oct '90
sae The bottom line on disposable Proctor and Gamble Co.
#16 il Business Week Oct 22 '90
sae How free market dogmatists keep putting in the
#17 doghouse (Economic viewpoint (Column) Business
Week Dec. 10 '90 p 14 (1)
sae New strategies to maximize your work
#18 effectiveness competitive advantage books
reviewed
A library journal v116 Feb 1 '91 p, 85 (1)
n news
Ten years after: cleaning up three mile island (Column) if
#19 technology review v92 -April '89 p. 18 (2)
#20 Will business growth make
employees obsolete? The forgotten
employee Entreprenuer May '90
In addition to, four books as follows:
Dictionary of St. James press
marketing research 425
Jack J. r. Van Minden North Michigan Avenue,
Chicago, Illinois 60616 USA
Accounting Essentials
Fundamental
Concepts of bookkeeping and accounting
RAE Methane
Planning a Digester Peter John Meynell
Clean Coal/Dirty Air
or how the clean air became
a multimillion dollar bailout
Courtesy
Noel Wien Library
Fairbanks, Alaska
Alaska Pipeline, Fairbanks, Alaska, activated on June 20, 1977, constructed from March 27, 1975, completed construction on May 31, 1977.
First tanker to carry crude oil from Valdez
wasARCO Juneau, August 1, 1977.
Solar Energy
Solar Energy ......1.0
Solar energy is inexhaustible....1.2
The Photovoltaic effect..............2.0
Solar cells ...................2.1
Electricity...................3.0
James Clerk Maxwell ..........4.0
Quantum mechanics............4.1
Statistical Probabilities.............4.2
The development of the laser.....4.3
Erwin Schrodinger.........5.0
Paul Kirac..........................6.0
Theoretical Physicist......6.1
General and Logical approach to Quantum mechanics.......6.2
1933 Nobel Peace Prize .....6.3
Solar energy...radiation from the Sun that can produce heat, generate electricity
or cause chemical reactions. 1.0
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Solar energy is inexhaustible and non polluting 1.2.
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The photovoltaic effect...
Process in which two dissimilar materials in close contact act as an electric cell when struck by light
other radiant energy. In crystals of certain elements, such as Silicon and Geranium, the electrons are
usually not free to move from atom to atom. Light striking the crystal produces the energy need to
free electrons from their bond conditions. The junction between two dissimilar crystals more easily
in one direction than another, acquires a negative voltage with respect to the other, and the photovoltaic
battery can continue to provide voltage and current. The current can be used to measure the brightness of the
light or as a source of power. 2.0
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Solar cells do not use chemical reactions to produce electric power, and they have no moving
parts. Most solar cells are designed for converting sunlight into electricity in large arrays
Which may contain many (2.1) thousands of individual cells, they can function as central electric
power i remote locations including space satellites, because they have no moving parts that could
require service or fuels that would require replenishment.
3.0
Electricity...the word comes from the "Greek elektron, ("amber"): The Greeks discovered that
amber rubbed with fur attracted light objects such as feathers. Such effects due to stationary
changes, or static electricity and electric current shown to be aspects of the same
phenomenon, the discovery of the electron, which carries a change disignated as negative,
showed that the various manifestations of electrons. the invention of the incandescent light bub
(1879) by Thomas Alva Edison lled to the rapid introduction of electric power into factories and
homes.
4.0
James Clerk Maxwell published his first scientific paper at age 14, entered the University of Edinburgh
at 16, and graduated from Cambridge University. He taught at Aberdeen n University, King's
College London, and Cambridge (from 1871), where he supervised the building of Cavendish
Laboratory. His most revolutionary achievement was his demonstration that light is
an electromagnetic wave, and he originated the concept of electromagnetic radiation.
His field equations (see Maxwell's equations) paved the way for Albert Einstein's special
theory of relativity. He established the nature of Saturn's rings, did important work on colour
perception, and produced the kinetic theory of gases. His ideas formed the basis for quantum
mechanics and ultimately for the modern theory of the structure of atoms and molecules.
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The statements of these four equations are (1) electric field diverges from electric charge, (2) 4.1
there are no isolated magnetic poles, (3) electric fields are produced by changing magnetic
fields, and (4) circulating magnetic fields are produced by changing electric fields and by
electric currents. Maxwell, based on his descriptions of electromagnetic fields based on these
four statements. Quantum mechanics is the branch of mathematical physics that deals
with atomic and subatomic systems.
It is concerned with phenomena that are so small-scale that they cannot be described in
classical terms, and it is formulated entirely in terms of statistical probabilities, 4.2
mechanics was developed mainly by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Heisenber, and Max
Born, and led to a drastic reappraisal of the concept of objective reality, it explained the structure
of atoms, atomic nuclei and molecules, behavior of subatomic particles; the nature of chemical bonds,
the properties of crystalline solids, nuclear energy, and the forces that stabilize collapsed stars.
4.3
It also led to the development of the laser, the electron microscope and the transistor.
5.0
Erwin Schrodinger taught physics in Zurich (1921-27) and Berlin (1927-33), and left Germany,
objecting to the persecution of Jews, he settled in Ireland, where he joined the Dublin Institute for
Advanced Studies (1940-56). He made fundamental contributions to quantum mechanics, and
he shared a 1933 Noel Prize with P.A.M. Dirac for his development in 1926 of the ear
equation now called the Schrodinger equation.
6.0
Kirac Paul) Adrien) Marice)...born August 8, 1902, Bristol, Gloucestershire, England...died
October 20, 1984, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S,
6.1
English mathematician and theoretical physicist.
6.2
his first major contribution (1925-26) was a general and logically simple form of quantum
mechanics.
6.3
He shared the 1933 Noel Prize for Physics with Erwin Schrodinger. In 1932 Drac was appointed
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a chair once occupied by
Isaac Newton, Direac retired from Cambridge in 1969, and held a Professorship at Florida State
University from 1971 until his death.
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Electromagnetic..................................7.0
Electromagnetic radiation.................7.1
Electron................................................7.2
Equilibrium.........................................8.0
Nucleus................................................8.1
Nuclei...................................................8.2
Radioactiivty.......................................9.0
Phenomenon.......................................9.1
Ionization............................................10.0
The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from waves of long wavelength (low frequency to
7.0
those of short wavelength (high frequency), it comprises in order of increasing frequency (or decreasing wavelength); very-low-frequency to ultra high frequency radio waves,
microwaves, infrared radiation, visi le light, ultraviolet radiation x-rays and gamma rays in a vacuum, all waves in electromagnetic radiation is energy propagated through free space or through a married medium in the form of electromagnetic waves.
7.1
Electromagnetic radiation exhibits wavelike properties such as reflection refraction, diffraction, and interference but exhibits particle like properties in that its energy occurs in discrete packets or quanta. Though all types of electromagnetic radiiation travel the same speed, they vary in frequency and wave length, and interact matter differently. A vacuum is the only perfectly transparent medium. Electron...lightest electrically charged subatomic particle known. It carries a negative charge, the basic charge of electricity.
8.0
Equilibrium condition in which the net force acting on particle is
disturbed by an outside force, with in equilibrium definitely. A stable
equilibrium is one in which small, externally induced displacement
and return the body in equilibrium. An unstable equilibrium is one in which the least departures produce forces tending ito increase displacement.
8.1
Nucleus...it consists of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons,
known of nucleon scan range from 1 to about 270, depending on the element. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
.8.2
Some nuclei, especially heavier ones, are unstable or
radioactive emitting energy in the form of alpha rays, beta rays or
gamma rays. The numbleus makes up nearly all the mass but only a
minute fraction of the volume of the atom.
9.0
Radioactivity...property exhibited by certain types of matter of emitting radiation spontaneously.
9.1
The phenomenon was first reported in 1896 by Henri Becquerel for a uranium salt, and it was soon found that uranium compounds are radioactive due to t he uranium's elements, radumand poionium. Electric charge...quantity of electricity that flows in electric currents or that accumulates on the surface of dissimilar nonmetallic substances that are rubbed together briskly. Charge can be positive or negative, one positive charge can
combine with the negative charge and result is a net change of each other. The unit of charge is the coulomb, which consists of 6.24 x 10 18 natural units of electric charge.
10.0
Ionization...process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules are converted to electrically charged atoms or molecules (ions) by the removal or addition of negatively charged electrons.
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Ionization........................................10.1
Antimatter.......................................11.0
Existence of Antimatter.................11.1
Positrons..........................................11.2
Antiparticles....................................11.3
Gamma radiation............................12.0
10.1
It is one of the principal ways in which radiation transfers energy to matter, and hence of detecting radiation. In general, ionization occurs whenever sufficiently energetic charged particles or radiant energy travels through gases, liquids, or solids. A certain minimal level of ionization is present in the earth's atmosphere because of continuous absorption of cosmic rays from space and ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
11.0
Antimatter...substance composed of elementary particles having the mass and electric charge of ordinary matter (such as electrons and protons) but for which the charge and related magnetic properties.
11.1
The existence of antimatter was posited by the electron theory of P.A.M. Dirac. In 1932 the position (antineutron detected through the use of particle accelerators. Positrons, antiprotons, and antineutrons, collectively called antiparticles. In close proximity antimatter, annililation occurs within a fraction of a second, releasing a large amout5s of energy.
11.2
Positron...subatomic particle having the same mass as an electron but with anelectric charge of -1 (an electron has a charge of -1).
11.3
It constitutes the antiparticle (see antimatter of an electron. The existence of the positron was a consequence of the electron theory of P.A.M. Dirac (1928),m and the particles was discovered in cosmic rays by Carl D. Anderson (1905-1991) in 1932. Though they are stabe in a vacuum, positrons react quickly with electrons of ordinary matter, produces gamma rays by the process of annihilation. they are emitted in positive beta decay of proton rich radioactive nuclei and are formed in a pair production.
12.0
Gamma radiation also originates in the decay of certain subatomic particles, similar to an x-ray but higher energy that is emitted spontaneously by the same radioactive substances.
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Gamma radiation also originates n the decay of certain subatomic particles and in pqrticles-antiparticle annililation. Gamma rays can initiate nuclear fission, can be absorbed by ejection of an electron and can be scattered b y free electrons.
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Gamma decay...........................................12.1
Gamma energy.........................................12.2
Photoelctric affect...................................13.0
Compton effect........................................14.0
Hertz Heinrich.........................................15.0
Professor at Karisruhe Polytechnic ......15.1
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'Gamma decay...type of radioactivity in the most common form of which an unstable atomic nucleus dissipates energy b y gamma emission producing gamma rays. 12.1
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Energy is converted into a electron and a positron, which are emitted together in internal conversion, excess energy in a nucleus is transferred into one of its own orbiting electrons and the electron is ejected from the atom.
12.1
Gamma emission range from about 10.9 to 10-14 second.
13.0
Photoelectric affect...phenomenon in which charged particles are released from a material when it is absorbs radiant energy.
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It is often though of as the ejection of electrons from the surface of a metal plate when visible light falls on it. It can occur if the radiation is...in the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, and the emitted particles may be electrons or ions. The emitting surface may be a solid liquid or gas, and the emitted particles may be electrons or ions. The emitting surface may be solid liquid or gas, and the emitted particles may be electrons or ions. The effect was discovered in 1887 by Heinrich Hertz and explained by Albert Einstein in work for which he received the Nobel Prize.
14.0
Compton effect....change in wavelength of x-rays and other energetic forms of electromagnetic radiation when they collide with electrons.
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It is principle way in which radiant energy is absorbed matter, and is caused by the transfer of energy from photons to electrons. When photons collide with electrons that are free or loosely bound in atoms, they transfer some of their energy and momentum to the electrons, which their recall. New photons of less energy and momentum, and hence longer wavelength, are produced these scatter or various angles, depending on the amount of energy lost in the recoiling electrons, the effect demonstrates the nature of the photon as a true particle with both energy and momentum, its discovery in 1922 by Arthur Compton was essential to establishing the wave-particle duality of electromagnetic radiation.
15.0
Hertz Heinrich (Rudolf born Feb. 22, 1857, Hamburg Germany...died
January 1, 1894...German Physicist.
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While a professor at Karisruhe Polytechnic (1885-89), he produced electromagnetic waves in the laboratory and measured their length and velocity. He showed that the nature of their waves, and he proved that light and heat are electromagnetic radiations. He was the first to broadcast and received radio waves. In 1889 he was appointed professor at the University of Bo, where he continued his research of frequency in cycles per second, is name for him.
20.0
Germanium semimetallic chemical element chemical symbol Ge,
atomic number 32.
20.1
Germanium which resembles silicon is its physical properties , and is used especially in semiconductor devices. Discovered in 1886 it became economically significant after 1945 and remains of primary importance in the manufacture of transistors and of components for other devices such as rectifiers and photocells. It is also used as a commonent of alloys, in phosphorus for florescent lamps, and in glass of certain optional components, such as camera and microscopic lenses.
21.0
Solar? Flares, sudden intense brightening of a small part of the sun's surface after near a sunspot group.
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Flares develop in a few minutes and may last several hours, releasing intense x-rays and streams of energetic particles. They appear to be connected with changes in the Sun's magnetic fields during the solar cycle. the ejected particles on take 24 to 68 hours to reach the vicinity of Earth, where they can disrupt radio communications and cause auroras, and may pose a radiation hazard to astronauts.
21.1
Solar Wind, flux particles, chiefly protons, electrons, and helium nuclei ac by the hot solar corona's high temperature to speeds high enough o allow them to escape the Sun.
Solar flares increase its intensity. The Solar wind deflects planets magnetospheres and the ion tails of comets away from the Sun. The uninterrupted portion of the solar wind continues to travel to distance of about 110-170 astronomical units, where it cools and eventually diffuses
into interstellar space..
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Waves...........................................................16.0
Subatomic particles....................................16.1
Periodic motion...........................................16.2
Intervals........................................................16.3
Harmonic motion........................................16.4
Frequency of vibration................................16.5
Ultraviolet radiation.....................................17.0
16.0
Wave...propagation of disturbances from place to place in regular and
organized way.
16.1
Most familiar are surface waves that travel on water, sound, light, and the motion of subatomic particles all exhibit wavelike properties in the simplest waves an the disturbance oscillates periodically with elects magnetic waves do not require a medium.
16.2
Periodic motion...mention that is repeated in equal intervals or time.
16.3
The time of each interval is the period. Examples of periodic motion include a rocking chair,
a bouncing ball, a vibrating guitar string, a swinging pendulum, and a water wave.
16.4
Simple harmonic motion...repetitive back and forth movement through a central or equilibrium, position in which the maximum displacement on one side is equal to the maximum displacement on the other.
16.5
Each compete vibration takes the same time, the period, the reciprocal of the period is the frequency of vibration. To force that causes the motion is always directed toward the equilibrium position and is directly proportioned in the distance from it. a pendulum displays simple harmonic motion. Other examples include the electrons in a wire carrying alternating current and the vibrating particles of a medium varying sound waves
17.0
Ultraviolet radiation position of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from the violet and of visible light to the x-ray region. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation lies between wavelengths of about 400 nanometres and 10 nanometres, corresponding to frequencies of 7.5 x 1014 HZ. Most UV rays pernetrating power. so its effects on humans are limited to the skin. these effects include stimulation of production of vitamin D, sunburn, suntan, aging signs, and carcinogenic changes UV radiation is also used to treat jaundice in newborns, to sterilize equipment and to produce artificiall light.
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Reflection........................................................17.1
Reflection boundaries...................................17.2
Diodes..............................................................17,3
Semiconductor Diodes..................................17.4
Silicon..............................................................17.5
Crystal.............................................................18.0
Individual structural units...........................18.1
Aurora.............................................................19.0
17.1
Reflection, change the direction of propagation of a wave that strikes a boundary between different radio through which it cannot pass.
17.2
When a wave strikes such a boundary it bounces back or is reflected just as a ball bounces off the floor. the angle of incidence is the angle between the path of the wave and a line and the path of the r wave. All reflected waves obey of reflection which states that the angle of reflection, is equal to the angle of incidence. The reflectivity of a material is the fraction of energy of the oncoming wave that is reflected by it.
17.3
Diode, electronic device that has two electrodes (anode and cathode) and that allows current to flow in only one direction, resisting current flow in the other.
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An applied voltage can cause electron to flow in only one direction form the cathode to the anode, and then back to the cathode through and external circuit. Diodes are used especially as rectifiers-which change alternating current into direct current and to vary the amplitude of a signal in proportion to the voltage in a circuit, as in a semiconductor devices (including transistors used in computers and other electronic equipment.
17.4
Semiconductor diodes include light emitting diodes and latter emit laser light, useful for telecommunications via fiber optics and for reading compact discs.
17.5
Silicon nonmetallic to semi metallic chemical element, chemical symbol Si,
atomic number 14. Second to oxygen in abundance in Earth's crust, it never occurs free but is sound is almost al rocks in sand, clay, and soils, combined with occurs in many plants and some animals. Pure silicon is a hard dark gray solid with a metallic lustre and the same crystal structure or diamond. It is an extremely important semiconductor doped with boran, phosphorus, or arsenic, it is used in various electronic circuit and switching deices, including computer chips, transistors, and diodes . Silicon is also used in metallurgy as a redirecting agent and I steel, brass, and bronze. Its usual valence in compounds is 4. Silicon is used in heated to form special glasses, enamels, and ceramics, sodium silicates (waer glass) are used in soaps, wood treatment, cements and dyeing.
18.0
Crystal, and solid material whose stems are arranged in a definite pattern and whose surface
regularity, reflects internal symmetry.
18.1
Each of a crystal's millions of individual structured units (unit cells)
contains all the substance's atoms, molecules, or ions n the same preparations is its chemical formula. the cells are repeated in all directions to from a geometric pattern, manifested by the number of crystallographic systems based on their symmetry isometric, trigonal, hexagonal, tetragonal, artinohombic, monoclinic, and triclinic. Crystals are generally formed when a liquid solidfies, a vapour becomes supersaturated or a liquid solution can no longer retain dissolved material which is the precipitated.. Metals alloys minerals, and semiconductors are all crystalline, at least microscopicaly.
19,0
Aurora, luminous phenomenon of the upper atmosphere that occurs primarily at high latitudes. Auroras in the Northern Hemisphere are called aurora borealis, or northern lights, in the Southern hemisphere the at called aurora autralis, or southern lights. Auroras are caused by interaction of energetic particles (electrons and protons) from outside the atmosphere with atoms of the upper atmosphere..
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Germanium...................................................20.0
Germanium that resembles silicon...........20.1
Solar flares.....................................................21.0
Solar winds.....................................................21.1
Geomagetic field........................................22,0
Einstein M. Albert......................................23.0
German-Swiss- US Scientist....................23-1
Grew up in Munich....................................23-2
22.0
Geomagnetic, field magnetic field associated with the Earth.
It is essentially dipolar. (i,e, it has two poles, the northern and the southern magnetic poles on the Earth's surface. Away from the surface, the field becomes distorted. Most geomagnetists explain the field becomes distorted. More geomagnetists expain the field means of dynamic theories, whereby a source of energy in the Earth's core causes a self sustaining magnetic field in the dynamo theories, fluid motion in the Earth's core involves the movement of conducing amterial within an existing magnetic field thus creating a current and a self enforcing field.
23.0
Einstein M. Albert, born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Wuttenberg, German y
died April 18, 1955, Princeton, N.J., United States.
23-1
German-Swiss- U.S. Scientist
23-2
Born to a Jewish family in Germany, he grew up in Munich, and in
1894 he moved to Aarau, Switz. he attended a technical school in Zurich (graduating in 1900) and during the period renounced his German citizenship:
Stateless for some years, he became a Swiss citizen in 1901, Einstein became a junior examiner at the Swiss patent office in 1902 and began producing original theoretical work that laid many of the foundations of Zurich in 1905, and won international fame that year with the publication of three articles, one on Brownian motion, which he explained in terms of molecular kinetic energy one on the photoelectric effect, in where he demonstrated the particle of nature of light, and one on his special theory of relativity. Where his formulation of the equivalence of mass and energy (E = mc2), published with theory of relativity which was confirmed experimentally during a solar eclipse in 1919 for his work on the photelectric effect, his work on relativity still controversial. he made contributions in quantum field theory of for decades sought to discover mathematical relationship between electromagnetism and gravitation, common laws governing the behavior of everything in the universe. In persuading President Franklin Roosevelt in 1939 to initiate the Manhattan Project for the production of an atomic bomb, a technology his own theories greatly furthered though he did not work on the project himself, he declined an offer to become the first prime minister of Isarel and became a strong advocate for nuclear disarmament.
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Encyclopedia of Britannica
Onine-
Michael Erle Harper Enterprises Consolidated
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